EVP_PKEY_KEYGEN(3)

NAME
EVP_PKEY_Q_keygen, EVP_PKEY_keygen_init, EVP_PKEY_paramgen_init, EVP_PKEY_generate, EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_cb, EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_cb, EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_keygen_info, EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_app_data, EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_app_data, EVP_PKEY_gen_cb, EVP_PKEY_paramgen, EVP_PKEY_keygen - key and parameter generation and check functions

SYNOPSIS
 #include <openssl/evp.h>

 EVP_PKEY *EVP_PKEY_Q_keygen(OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx, const char *propq,
                             const char *type, ...);

 int EVP_PKEY_keygen_init(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx);
 int EVP_PKEY_paramgen_init(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx);
 int EVP_PKEY_generate(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, EVP_PKEY **ppkey);
 int EVP_PKEY_paramgen(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, EVP_PKEY **ppkey);
 int EVP_PKEY_keygen(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, EVP_PKEY **ppkey);

 typedef int EVP_PKEY_gen_cb(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx);

 void EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_cb(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, EVP_PKEY_gen_cb *cb);
 EVP_PKEY_gen_cb *EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_cb(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx);

 int EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_keygen_info(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, int idx);

 void EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_app_data(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx, void *data);
 void *EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_app_data(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx);

DESCRIPTION
Generating keys is sometimes straight forward, just generate the key's numbers and be done with it. However, there are certain key types that need key parameters, often called domain parameters but not necessarily limited to that, that also need to be generated. In addition to this, the caller may want to set user provided generation parameters that further affect key parameter or key generation, such as the desired key size.

To flexibly allow all that's just been described, key parameter and key generation is divided into an initialization of a key algorithm context, functions to set user provided parameters, and finally the key parameter or key generation function itself.

The key algorithm context must be created using EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(3) or variants thereof, see that manual for details.

EVP_PKEY_keygen_init() initializes a public key algorithm context ctx for a key generation operation.

EVP_PKEY_paramgen_init() is similar to EVP_PKEY_keygen_init() except key parameters are generated.

After initialization, generation parameters may be provided with EVP_PKEY_CTX_ctrl(3) or EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_params(3), or any other function described in those manuals.

EVP_PKEY_generate() performs the generation operation, the resulting key parameters or key are written to *ppkey. If *ppkey is NULL when this function is called, it will be allocated, and should be freed by the caller when no longer useful, using EVP_PKEY_free(3).

EVP_PKEY_paramgen() and EVP_PKEY_keygen() do exactly the same thing as EVP_PKEY_generate(), after checking that the corresponding EVP_PKEY_paramgen_init() or EVP_PKEY_keygen_init() was used to initialize ctx. These are older functions that are kept for backward compatibility. It is safe to use EVP_PKEY_generate() instead.

The function EVP_PKEY_set_cb() sets the key or parameter generation callback to cb. The function EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_cb() returns the key or parameter generation callback.

The function EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_keygen_info() returns parameters associated with the generation operation. If idx is -1 the total number of parameters available is returned. Any non negative value returns the value of that parameter. EVP_PKEY_CTX_gen_keygen_info() with a nonnegative value for idx should only be called within the generation callback.

If the callback returns 0 then the key generation operation is aborted and an error occurs. This might occur during a time consuming operation where a user clicks on a "cancel" button.

The functions EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_app_data() and EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_app_data() associate an opaque, application-defined pointer with an EVP_PKEY_CTX object.

This pointer is not interpreted by the library and is reserved entirely for use by the application. It may be used to store arbitrary context or state that needs to be accessible wherever the corresponding EVP_PKEY_CTX is available.

EVP_PKEY_Q_keygen() abstracts from the explicit use of EVP_PKEY_CTX while providing a 'quick' but limited way of generating a new asymmetric key pair. It provides shorthands for simple and common cases of key generation. As usual, the library context libctx and property query propq can be given for fetching algorithms from providers. If type is "RSA", a size_t parameter must be given to specify the size of the RSA key. If type is "EC", a string parameter must be given to specify the name of the EC curve. If type is: "ED25519", "ED448", "SM2", "X25519", "X448", "ML-DSA-44", "ML-DSA-65", "ML-DSA-87", "ML-KEM-512", "ML-KEM-768", or "ML-KEM-1024" no further parameters are needed. Other key types may be possible if they are supplied by the loaded providers. EVP_PKEY_Q_keygen() may be usable with such key types as long as they do not require further parameters.

RETURN VALUES
EVP_PKEY_keygen_init(), EVP_PKEY_paramgen_init(), EVP_PKEY_keygen() and EVP_PKEY_paramgen() return 1 for success and 0 or a negative value for failure. In particular a return value of -2 indicates the operation is not supported by the public key algorithm.

EVP_PKEY_Q_keygen() returns an EVP_PKEY, or NULL on failure.

NOTES
After the call to EVP_PKEY_keygen_init() or EVP_PKEY_paramgen_init() algorithm specific control operations can be performed to set any appropriate parameters for the operation.

The functions EVP_PKEY_keygen() and EVP_PKEY_paramgen() can be called more than once on the same context if several operations are performed using the same parameters.

The meaning of the parameters passed to the callback will depend on the algorithm and the specific implementation of the algorithm. Some might not give any useful information at all during key or parameter generation. Others might not even call the callback.

The operation performed by key or parameter generation depends on the algorithm used. In some cases (e.g. EC with a supplied named curve) the "generation" option merely sets the appropriate fields in an EVP_PKEY structure.

In OpenSSL an EVP_PKEY structure containing a private key also contains the public key components and parameters (if any). An OpenSSL private key is equivalent to what some libraries call a "key pair". A private key can be used in functions which require the use of a public key or parameters.

EXAMPLES
Generate a 2048 bit RSA key:

 #include <openssl/evp.h>
 #include <openssl/rsa.h>

 EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
 EVP_PKEY *pkey = NULL;

 ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new_id(EVP_PKEY_RSA, NULL);
 if (!ctx)
     /* Error occurred */
 if (EVP_PKEY_keygen_init(ctx) <= 0)
     /* Error */
 if (EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_rsa_keygen_bits(ctx, 2048) <= 0)
     /* Error */

 /* Generate key */
 if (EVP_PKEY_keygen(ctx, &pkey) <= 0)
     /* Error */

Generate a key from a set of parameters:

 #include <openssl/evp.h>
 #include <openssl/rsa.h>

 EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx;
 EVP_PKEY *pkey = NULL, *param;

 /* Assumed param is set up already */
 ctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(param, NULL);
 if (!ctx)
     /* Error occurred */
 if (EVP_PKEY_keygen_init(ctx) <= 0)
     /* Error */

 /* Generate key */
 if (EVP_PKEY_keygen(ctx, &pkey) <= 0)
     /* Error */

Example of generation callback for OpenSSL public key implementations:

 /* Application data is a BIO to output status to */

 EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_app_data(ctx, status_bio);

 static int genpkey_cb(EVP_PKEY_CTX *ctx)
 {
     char c = '*';
     BIO *b = EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_app_data(ctx);
     int p = EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_keygen_info(ctx, 0);

     if (p == 0)
         c = '.';
     if (p == 1)
         c = '+';
     if (p == 2)
         c = '*';
     if (p == 3)
         c = '\n';
     BIO_write(b, &c, 1);
     (void)BIO_flush(b);
     return 1;
 }

SEE ALSO
EVP_RSA_gen(3), EVP_EC_gen(3), EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(3), EVP_PKEY_encrypt(3), EVP_PKEY_decrypt(3), EVP_PKEY_sign(3), EVP_PKEY_verify(3), EVP_PKEY_verify_recover(3), EVP_PKEY_derive(3)

HISTORY
EVP_PKEY_keygen_init(), int EVP_PKEY_paramgen_init(), EVP_PKEY_keygen(), EVP_PKEY_paramgen(), EVP_PKEY_gen_cb(), EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_cb(), EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_cb(), EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_keygen_info(), EVP_PKEY_CTX_set_app_data() and EVP_PKEY_CTX_get_app_data() were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.

EVP_PKEY_Q_keygen() and EVP_PKEY_generate() were added in OpenSSL 3.0.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2006-2026 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.